UPSC Prelims 2017— Question 71

This question from the 2017 Civil Services Preliminary Examination tests Water Management, under Agriculture. The central concept is Water Conservation Practices. Reduced or zero tillage and retention of crop residues can reduce soil disturbance, evaporation and runoff, improving soil moisture conservation. Gypsum has specific soil-conditioning uses but is not a universal water-conservation practice in the sense stated. The safest way to approach this type of UPSC question is to identify the exact institutional, historical, geographical, scientific or economic proposition being tested and then examine every statement or option independently. A statement should not be accepted merely because it contains a familiar term; the qualifier, scope, date, institution and purpose must all be correct. This is particularly important where the answer choices combine several statements. Statement 1 is correct. It is consistent with the established concept described above and does not introduce a false institutional, chronological, geographical or definitional qualifier. Statement 2 is incorrect. It changes or overstates the relevant fact, institution, scope, chronology or mechanism, so it cannot be accepted as a correct proposition. Statement 3 is correct. It is consistent with the established concept described above and does not introduce a false institutional, chronological, geographical or definitional qualifier. Option-wise analysis: Option A: This is incorrect. It either accepts a statement that is not supported, rejects a statement that is correct, or identifies the wrong institutional, historical, geographical or scientific association. The error is therefore substantive rather than merely terminological. Option B: This is incorrect. It either accepts a statement that is not supported, rejects a statement that is correct, or identifies the wrong institutional, historical, geographical or scientific association. The error is therefore substantive rather than merely terminological. Option C: This is the correct answer. It matches the verified combination or proposition required by the question and is consistent with the underlying concept explained above. Option D: This is incorrect. It either accepts a statement that is not supported, rejects a statement that is correct, or identifies the wrong institutional, historical, geographical or scientific association. The error is therefore substantive rather than merely terminological. Prelims takeaway: Focus on the exact wording of the proposition, especially restrictive words such as “only”, “all”, “always”, “steadily”, “necessarily”, and references to a particular ministry, institution, law or geographical location. For statement-based questions, determine the truth value of each statement before looking at the combination codes. For direct questions, identify the defining feature of the concept and eliminate options that belong to a related but different concept. This method reduces dependence on guesswork and makes elimination more reliable.