Complete UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination General Studies Paper-II / CSAT question paper for 2019.
All 80 questions from the 2019CSAT paper, classified by subject, topic and subtopic.
The number of times the digit 5 will appear while writing the integers from 1 to 1000 is
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (D), while an independent check of the question wording gives (C). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
A solid cube is painted yellow, blue and black such that opposite faces are of same colour. The cube is then cut into 36 cubes of two different sizes such that 32 cubes are small and the other four cubes are Big. None of the faces of the bigger cubes is painted blue. How many cubes have only one face painted?
The 36-piece cut has 32 small and 4 large cubes; using the stated face-colour restriction and counting painted-face configurations gives 10 cubes with exactly one painted face.
A and B are two heavy steel blocks. If B is placed on the top of A, the weight increases by 60%. How much weight will reduce with respect to the total weight of A and B, if B is removed from the top of A?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (B), while an independent check of the question wording gives (D). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Mr 'X' has three children. The birthday of the first child falls on the 5th Monday of April, that of the second one falls on the 5th Thursday of November. On which day is the birthday of his third child, which falls on 20th December?
Using the calendar positions of the 5th Monday of April and 5th Thursday of November fixes the weekday of 20 December as Thursday.
Consider the following Statements and Conclusions: Statements: 1. Some rats are cats. 2. Some cats are dogs. 3. No dog is a cow. Conclusions: I. No cow is a cat. II. No dog is a rat. III. Some cats are rats. Which of the above conclusions is/are drawn from the statements?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (B), while an independent check of the question wording gives (C). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
The number of parallelograms that can be formed from a set of four parallel lines intersecting another set of four parallel lines, is
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (A), while an independent check of the question wording gives (D). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
In a school every student is assigned a unique identification number. A student is a football player if and only if the identification number is divisible by 4, whereas a student is a cricketer if and only if the identification number is divisible by 6. If every number from 1 to 100 is assigned to a student, then how many of them play cricket as well as football?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (D), while an independent check of the question wording gives (B). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
When a runner was crossing the 12 km mark, she was informed that she had completed only 80% of the race. How many kilometres was the runner supposed to run in this event?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (C), while an independent check of the question wording gives (B). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Raju has Rs. 9000 with him and he wants to buy a mobile handset; but he finds that he has only 75% of the amount required to buy the handset. Therefore, he borrows 2000 from a friend. Then
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (C), while an independent check of the question wording gives (A). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
In 2002, Meenu's age was one-third of the age of Meera, whereas in 2010, Meenu's age was half the age of Meera. What is Meenu's year of birth?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (C), while an independent check of the question wording gives (B). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Rakesh and Rajesh together bought 10 balls and 10 rackets. Rakesh spent 1300 and Rajesh spent 1500. If each racket costs three times a ball does, then what is the price of a racket?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (D), while an independent check of the question wording gives (C). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
In a conference, out of a total 100 participants, 70 are Indians. If 60 of the total participants are vegetarian, then which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. At least 30 Indian participants are vegetarian. 2. At least 10 Indian participants are non-vegetarian. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (B), while an independent check of the question wording gives (C). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Passage—1: GM technology is largely corporate-driven, while current incentives favour short-term herbicide/pest resistance; the passage argues for research priorities that address drought, salinity and other stresses.
Which one of the following is the most logical, rational and crucial message conveyed by the above passage?
Correct answer: (C). The passage supports the selected statement/inference and does not provide sufficient support for the alternatives.
Passage—1: GM technology is largely corporate-driven, while current incentives favour short-term herbicide/pest resistance; the passage argues for research priorities that address drought, salinity and other stresses.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. The issue of effects of natural calamities on agriculture is not given due consideration by GM technology companies. 2. In the long run, GM technology will not be able to solve agricultural problems arising due to global warming. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
Correct answer: (D). The passage supports the selected statement/inference and does not provide sufficient support for the alternatives.
Passage—2: Most invasive species are not highly harmful; many colonise already disturbed habitats and can sometimes increase local diversity.
Which one of the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?
Correct answer: (B). The passage supports the selected statement/inference and does not provide sufficient support for the alternatives.
Passage—3: Food contamination has many causes; surveillance, regulation, trained inspectors and street-vendor education are needed.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. Food safety is a complex issue that calls for a multipronged solution. 2. Great investments need to be made in developing the manpower for surveillance and training. 3. India needs to make sufficient legislation for governing food processing industry. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (B), while an independent check of the question wording gives (A). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Passage—4: Urban planning has historically neglected working and poor people and needs greater participation and attention to lived experience.
The passage seems to argue
Correct answer: (A). The passage supports the selected statement/inference and does not provide sufficient support for the alternatives.
Passage—5: India's high economic growth has not translated into proportional organised-sector employment growth.
The above passage seems to imply that 1. most of modern economic growth is based on technological progress. 2. much of modern Indian economy does not nurture sufficient symbiotic relationship with labour-intensive, natural resource-based livelihoods. 3. service sector in India is not very labour-intensive. 4. literate rural population is not willing to enter organised sector. Which of the statements given above are correct?
Correct answer: (B). The passage supports the selected statement/inference and does not provide sufficient support for the alternatives.
Passage—6: Banking correspondents can extend financial inclusion, but need adequate incentives, financial literacy and broader last-mile capabilities.
Which one of the following is the most logical, rational and crucial inference that can be derived from the above passage?
Correct answer: (C). The passage supports the selected statement/inference and does not provide sufficient support for the alternatives.
A five-storeyed building with floors from I to V is painted using four different colours and only one colour is used to paint a floor. Consider the following statements: 1. The middle three floors are painted in different colours. 2. The second (II) and the fourth (IV) floors are painted in different colours. 3. The first (I) and the fifth (V) floors are painted red. To ensure that any two consecutive floors have different colours
The sufficient combination is statement 1 with statement 2; statement 3 alone does not guarantee the required adjacent-floor condition.
P, Q and R are three towns. The distance between P and Q is 60 km, whereas the distance between P and R is 80 km. Q is in the West of P and R is in the South of P. What is the distance between Q and R?
Q and R are perpendicular to P: QR=sqrt(60²+80²)=100 km.
All members of a club went to Mumbai and stayed in a hotel. On the first day, 80% went for shopping and 50% went for sightseeing, whereas 10% took rest in the hotel. Which of the following conclusion(s) can be drawn from the above data? 1. 40% members went for shopping as well as sightseeing. 2. 20% members went for only shopping. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (B), while an independent check of the question wording gives (A). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
In a school, 60% students play cricket. A student who does not play cricket, plays football. Every football player has got a two-wheeler. Which of the following conclusions cannot be drawn from the above data? 1. 60% of the students do not have two-wheelers. 2. No cricketer has a two-wheeler. 3. Cricket players do not play football. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Statements 1 and 2 cannot be drawn from the data, while statement 3 follows because a non-cricketer plays football.
The ratio of a two-digit natural number to a number formed by reversing its digits is 4:7. The number of such pairs is
Let the number be 10a+b. 7(10a+b)=4(10b+a), so 66a=33b and b=2a. Valid digit pairs give five solutions.
In an examination, A has scored 20 marks more than B. If B has scored 5% less marks than A, how much has B scored?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (C), while an independent check of the question wording gives (B). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Seeta and Geeta go for a swim after a gap of every 2 days and every 3 days respectively. If on 1st January both of them went for a swim together, when will they go together next?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (C), while an independent check of the question wording gives (D). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
X, Y and Z are three contestants in a race of 1000 m. Assume that all run with different uniform speeds. X gives Y a start of 40 m and X gives Z a start of 64 m. If Y and Z were to compete in a race of 1000 m, how many metres start will Y give to Z?
X:Y speed ratio from a 40 m start is 1000:960. X:Z is 1000:936. Thus Y:Z=960:936=40:39; in a 1000 m race Y gives Z 25 m.
If x is greater than or equal to 25 and y is less than or equal to 40, then which one of the following is always correct?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (B), while an independent check of the question wording gives (C). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Ena was born 4 years after her parents' marriage. Her mother is three years younger than her father and 24 years older than Ena, who is 13 years old. At what age did Ena's father get married?
Ena is 13 and her mother is 24 years older, so mother is 37; father is 40. Since Ena was born 4 years after marriage, father married at 23.
Rakesh had money to buy 8 mobile handsets of a specific company. But the retailer offered very good discount on that particular handset. Rakesh could buy 10 mobile handsets with the amount he had. What was the discount the retailer offered?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (D), while an independent check of the question wording gives (B). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
The average marks of 100 students are given to be 40. It was found later that marks of one student were 53 which were misread as 83. The corrected mean marks are
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (A), while an independent check of the question wording gives (B). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Passage—1: Low-end IoT devices are proliferating because they are cheap, but adding security raises costs and creates daunting security challenges.
Which one of the following statements is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?
Correct answer: (D). The passage supports the selected statement/inference and does not provide sufficient support for the alternatives.
Passage—2: Big Data from developing countries is converted into digital intelligence in developed countries and can create monopoly rents.
Which one of the following is the most logical and rational corollary to the above passage?
Correct answer: (B). The passage supports the selected statement/inference and does not provide sufficient support for the alternatives.
Passage—2: Big Data from developing countries is converted into digital intelligence in developed countries and can create monopoly rents.
Which of the following is most definitively implied by the above passage?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (B), while an independent check of the question wording gives (A). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Passage—3: Small farmers contribute substantially to food and livelihoods but face increasing climate risks.
What is the most logical and rational corollary to the above passage?
Correct answer: (D). The passage supports the selected statement/inference and does not provide sufficient support for the alternatives.
Passage—3: Small farmers contribute substantially to food and livelihoods but face increasing climate risks.
The above passage implies that 1. There is a potential problem of food insecurity in India. 2. India will have to strengthen its disaster management capabilities. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
Correct answer: (B). The passage supports the selected statement/inference and does not provide sufficient support for the alternatives.
Passage—4: Climate change and government responses can affect investors, fossil-fuel companies and other industries through regulation and extreme weather.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. Governments and companies need to be adequately prepared to face the climate change. 2. Extreme weather events will reduce the economic growth of governments and companies in future. 3. Ignoring climate change is a huge risk for investors. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
Correct answer: (C). The passage supports the selected statement/inference and does not provide sufficient support for the alternatives.
Passage—5: Access to schooling is widespread but quality varies by socio-economic status; RTE quotas in private schools raise issues of equity and integration.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. Making equality of opportunity a reality is the fundamental goal of the Indian education system. 2. The present Indian school system is unable to provide egalitarian education. 3. Abolition of private schools and establishment of more government schools is the only way to ensure egalitarian education. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
Correct answer: (B). The passage supports the selected statement/inference and does not provide sufficient support for the alternatives.
Passage—6: TB disproportionately affects poor people and treatment is undermined by poverty, stigma, side-effects, weak support and other barriers.
Which one of the following is the most logical, rational and crucial message conveyed by the above passage?
Correct answer: (B). The passage supports the selected statement/inference and does not provide sufficient support for the alternatives.
If every alternative letter of the English alphabet from B onwards (including B) is written in lower case (small letters) and the remaining letters are capitalized, then how is the first month of the second half of the year written?
July is the first month of the second half. With A onward lower-case alternately from B, J is lower, u is lower? Applying the stated alternating capitalization gives jULy, option B.
Sunita cuts a sheet of paper into three pieces. Length of first piece is equal to the average of the three single digit odd prime numbers. Length of the second piece is equal to that of the first plus one-third the length of the third. The third piece is as long as the other two pieces together. The length of the original sheet of paper is
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (A), while an independent check of the question wording gives (D). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
In the sequence 1, 5, 7, 3, 5, 7, 4, 3, 5, 7, how many such 5s are there which are not immediately preceded by 3 but are immediately followed by 7?
The qualifying 5 is the one in 3,5,7? It is preceded by 3 and excluded; the other 5 before 7 is not preceded by 3, so count=1.
A joint family consists of seven members A, B, C, D, E, F and G with three females. G is a widow and sister-in-law of D's father F. B and D are siblings and A is daughter of B. C is cousin of B. Who is E? 1. Wife of F 2. Grandmother of A 3. Aunt of C Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Using the family relationships, E is wife of F and aunt of C; these are statements 1 and 3.
Each face of a cube can be painted in black or white colours. In how many different ways can the cube be painted?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (A), while an independent check of the question wording gives (B). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
How many triplets (x, y, z) satisfy the equation x + y + z = 6, where x, y and z are natural numbers?
For positive natural x,y,z with sum 6, the number of compositions is C(5,2)=10.
If $ means 'divided by'; @ means 'multiplied by'; # means 'minus', then the value of 10#5@1$5 is
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (C), while an independent check of the question wording gives (D). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
An 8-digit number 4252746B leaves remainder 0 when divided by 3. How many values of B are possible?
Digit sum excluding B is 4+2+5+2+7+4+6=30. For divisibility by 3, B must be 0,3,6,9: four values.
If F stands second in the ranking, then the position of B is
Given F is second, C must be first. The ordering constraints D>A>B force B to fifth.
If B scores the least, the rank of C will be
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (A), while an independent check of the question wording gives (D). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
If E is ranked third, then which one of the following is correct?
If E is third, the ordering constraints force A to fourth.
S1: Twice the weight of Sohan is less than the weight of Mohan or that of Rohan. S2: Twice the weight of Rohan is greater than the weight of Mohan or that of Sohan. Which one of the following statements is correct?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (B), while an independent check of the question wording gives (C). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
S1: Twice the weight of Sohan is less than the weight of Mohan or that of Rohan. S2: Twice the weight of Rohan is greater than the weight of Mohan or that of Sohan. Which one of the following statements is correct?
The inequalities show S is less than both M and R, so S is least.
Passage—1: India needs a long-term collaborative regulatory system that considers jobs, growth, social/environmental benefits and unintended consequences.
Which one of the following is the most logical, rational and crucial inference that can be derived from the above passage?
The passage argues for strategically designed regulation that balances economic, social and environmental effects in a competitive global economy.
Passage—1: India needs a long-term collaborative regulatory system that considers jobs, growth, social/environmental benefits and unintended consequences.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. In today's global economy, regulations are not effectively used to protect local markets. 2. Social and environmental concerns are generally ignored by the governments across the world while implementing the regulations. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (B), while an independent check of the question wording gives (D). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Passage—2: Malnourished children have less mature gut microbiomes; maternal milk composition and gut bacteria are linked to nutritional status.
Which one of the following is the most logical, rational and crucial inference that can be derived from the above passage?
The passage indicates that gut microbiome research can inform nutrition policy; it does not justify replacing mother's milk or direct inoculation as stated.
Passage—2: Malnourished children have less mature gut microbiomes; maternal milk composition and gut bacteria are linked to nutritional status.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. Processed probiotic foods are a solution to treat the children suffering from malnutrition due to immature gut bacteria composition. 2. The babies of malnourished mothers generally tend to be malnourished. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (C), while an independent check of the question wording gives (B). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Passage—3: Rapid warming on the Western Antarctic Peninsula and melting glaciers are associated with increased suspended sediment and reduced benthic biodiversity.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. Regions of glaciers warm faster than other regions due to global warming. 2. Global warming can lead to seafloor sedimentation in some areas. 3. Melting glaciers can reduce marine biodiversity in some areas. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (B), while an independent check of the question wording gives (C). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Passage—4: Long-term owl-roost evidence suggests modern human-caused environmental change has reduced ecosystem resilience.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. Global warming is a frequently occurring natural phenomenon. 2. The impending global warming will not adversely affect small mammals. 3. Humans are responsible for the loss of the Earth's natural resilience. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
Only statement 3 follows: human-made environmental changes reduced biomass and energy flow and therefore resilience.
Passage—5: Food-crop diversity is declining because of dependence on a few high-yield varieties, creating future food-security risks.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. Humans have been the main reason for the large scale extinction of plant species. 2. Consumption of food mainly from locally cultivated crops ensures crop diversity. 3. The present style of production and distribution of food will finally lead to the problem of food scarcity in the near future. 4. Our food security may depend on our ability to preserve the locally cultivated varieties of crops. Which of the above assumptions are valid?
Statements 1 and 4 are supported: human activity drove diversity loss and preserving local varieties may be important for food security.
What is X in the sequence 132, 129, 124, 117, 106, 93, X ?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (D), while an independent check of the question wording gives (C). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
A wall clock moves 10 minutes fast in every 24 hours. The clock was set right to show the correct time at 8:00 a.m. on Monday. When the clock shows the time 6:00 p.m. on Wednesday, what is the correct time?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (B), while an independent check of the question wording gives (A). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
If the numerator and denominator of a proper fraction are increased by the same positive quantity which is greater than zero, the resulting fraction is
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (D), while an independent check of the question wording gives (B). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
What is X in the sequence 4, 196, 16, 144, 36, 100, 64, X ?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (D), while an independent check of the question wording gives (B). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
In a group of 15 people, 7 can read French, 8 can read English while 3 of them can read neither of these two languages. The number of people who can read exactly one language is
15−3=12 read at least one language. Since 7+8=15, overlap=3; exactly one=7−3 + 8−3=9.
A printer numbers the pages of a book starting with 1 and uses 3089 digits in all. How many pages does the book have?
Digits through page 999 total 9+90×2+900×3=2889. Remaining 200 digits correspond to pages 1000–1049, so total pages=1049.
Consider the following sequence that follows some arrangement: c_accaa_aa_bc_b. The letters that appear in the gaps are
The pattern repeats in blocks; filling the gaps consistently gives cbbb.
A family has two children along with their parents. The average of the weights of the children and their mother is 50 kg. The average of the weights of the children and their father is 52 kg. If the weight of the father is 60 kg, then what is the weight of the mother?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (B), while an independent check of the question wording gives (D). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Suppose you have sufficient amount of rupee currency in three denominations: Rs. 1, Rs. 10 and Rs. 50. In how many different ways can you pay a bill of Rs. 107?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (D), while an independent check of the question wording gives (C). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
'A' started from his house and walked 20 m towards East, where his friend 'B' joined him. They together walked 10 m in the same direction. Then 'A' turned left while 'B' turned right and travelled 2 m and 8 m respectively. Again 'B' turned left to travel 4 m followed by 5 m to his right to reach his office. 'A' turned right and travelled 12 m to reach his office. What is the shortest distance between the two offices?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (D), while an independent check of the question wording gives (B). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Consider two statements S1 and S2 followed by a question: S1: p and q both are prime numbers. S2: p + q is an odd integer. Question: Is pq an odd integer? Which one of the following is correct?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (A), while an independent check of the question wording gives (D). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Which year has the same calendar as that of 2009?
2009's calendar repeats in 2015; leap-year offsets give the same weekday/date pattern.
Number 136 is added to 5B7 and the sum obtained is 7A3, where A and B are integers. It is given that 7A3 is exactly divisible by 3. The only possible value of B is
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (B), while an independent check of the question wording gives (D). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Passage—1: Historical injustice persists through overlapping economic deprivation, social discrimination and lack of recognition, making repair complex.
What is the main idea that we can infer from the passage?
The passage argues that historical injustice is complex and difficult to repair in all its manifestations.
Passage—1: Historical injustice persists through overlapping economic deprivation, social discrimination and lack of recognition, making repair complex.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. Removal of economic discrimination leads to removal of social discrimination. 2. Democratic polity is the best way to repair historical wrongs. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
Neither assumption is established by the passage; it does not say either that economic discrimination removal automatically removes social discrimination or that democracy is the best method.
Passage—2: Education should combine expert knowledge with culture to give meaning and depth to human existence.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. A society without well educated people cannot be transformed into a modern society. 2. Without acquiring culture, a person's education is not complete. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (C), while an independent check of the question wording gives (B). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Passage—3: Soil is a living resource essential to food production and also stores carbon; erosion can destroy it rapidly.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. Large scale soil erosion is a major reason for widespread food insecurity in the world. 2. Soil erosion is mainly anthropogenic. 3. Sustainable management of soils helps in combating climate change. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (C), while an independent check of the question wording gives (B). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Passage—4: Economic power is an invisible organising force behind many forms of inequality.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. Economic power is the only reason for the existence of inequality in a society. 2. Inequality of different kinds, income, wealth, etc, reinforces power. 3. Economic power can be analysed more through its effects than by direct empirical methods. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (D), while an independent check of the question wording gives (B). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Passage—5: Climate change shifts crop suitability, while pests, droughts, flooding, political shifts, demand and farming practices also affect agriculture.
Which one of the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (B), while an independent check of the question wording gives (A). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.
Passage—6: The similar underlying limb structure of humans and several animals suggests a common evolutionary pattern.
Which one of the following is the most logical, scientific and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?
The common underlying limb pattern across species is evidence of shared evolutionary history.
Passage—7: The PETM involved rapid global warming, huge carbon release and major changes in ecosystems and species.
Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. Global warming has a bearing on the planet's biological evolution. 2. Separation of land masses causes the release of huge quantities of carbon into the atmosphere. 3. Increased warming of Earth's atmosphere can change the composition of its flora and fauna. 4. The present man-made global warming will finally lead to conditions similar to those which happened 56 million years ago. Which of the assumptions given above are valid?
Answer-key audit: uploaded/official-key entry is (B), while an independent check of the question wording gives (C). The master retains both values so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently corrected.